Exposure to ecstasy or cocaine during adolescence increases the “reinforcing effects” that make people vulnerable to developing an addiction. This is the main conclusion of a research team from the University of Valencia (UV), which has shown for the first time how these changes persist into adulthood.
“Although MDMA and cocaine are psychoactive substances frequently used by teenagers, very few studies have been done to analyse the short and long-term consequences of joint exposure to these drugs”, José Miñarro, lead author of the study and coordinator of the Psychobiology of Drug Addiction group at the UV, tells SINC.
The study, published in the journal Addiction Biology, shows for the first time that exposure to these drugs during adolescence leads to long-lasting changes that increase the reinforcing power of ecstasy or MDMA, and which last until adulthood.
Miñarro’s team studied the joint consumption of different drugs in order to carry out an in-depth examination into the effects of this interaction. The scientists administered MDMA, cocaine and saline solution to mice over an eight-day period. “The animals exhibited an increase in vulnerability to re-establishing behaviour (relapse), showing a preference for certain environments previously associated with the pleasant effects of the drug”, explains Miñarro.
The results highlight that the so-called “reinforcing effects” are greater in adult mice treated with ecstasy or cocaine during adolescence than in adolescent mice not exposed to these drugs. “Adolescence is a critical stage in development, during which time drug consumption affects plastic cerebral processes in ways that cause changes that persist right through to adulthood”, adds the scientist.
Adolescence – the kingdom of polyconsumption
The results of various surveys, both national and international, show that one of the most common patterns of drug use is polyconsumption. Ecstasy is regularly consumed alongside other drugs such as alcohol, cannabis and cocaine. These same surveys show that 44% of cocaine users in Spain also take ecstasy, and this consumption takes place primarily during adolescence.
The State Study on Drug Use among Secondary School Students (ESTUDES 2007, Government Delegation for the National Plan on Drugs), showed that more than 75% of secondary school students who reported taking MDMA also said they used cocaine, while only 44.3% of cocaine users said they took ecstasy.
References: Manuel Daza-Losada, Marta Rodríguez-Arias, María A. Aguilar & José Miñarro. “Acquisition and reinstatement of MDMA-induced conditioned place preference in mice pre-treated with MDMA or cocaine during adolescence”. Addiction Biology 14, 447-456, octubre de 2009.
Source:
SINC
FECYT – Spanish Foundation for Science and Technology
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Almost all people who are addicted to substances like drugs, cocaine, alcohol etc. are prone to believe at the beginning that they are capable of quitting the usage at any point of time. Hence, most of them initially try to escape the regular treatments available. There are very few people, who actually stop taking drugs without visiting the addiction treatment centers. However, most of them fail to give up the habit for good. It has been observed that the effect of long-term drug abuse imparts severe changes in brain functions. These might lead to behavioral disorders with serious consequences like joblessness and social humiliation. Often the drug addicts start losing control over their activities and end up committing crimes with results like incarceration.
There can be numerous reasons why drug abuse problems might trigger off. At times excessive stress caused by work or personal problems make a person inclined to drug usage. Deteriorating mental health and medical problems causing pain are equally accountable for this problem. The family background and peers group of the addicted individual also plays a crucial role in these cases. Basically, these factors collectively or discretely hamper the persistent self-restraint process of people. Hence, the best way to get rid of this problem is seeking help from the addiction treatment centers wherein treatments are designed according to the prerequisites of the patient. Inpatient facilities are more effective when compared to outpatient treatments. Properly chosen treatment method coupled with required medication can bring about permanent cure for drug abuse.
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The painkiller drugs or pain medications are widely used drugs for getting relief from pain. The pain medications have over the time proved beneficial in bringing much needed relief from pain due to surgeries, back injuries, arthritis, and migraine etc. Apart from its pain relieving properties, painkiller drugs have potential to cause addiction and have various side effects. The painkiller drugs reduce pain either by suppressing the formation of chemicals in body that cause pain or by binding to the opioid receptors of Central Nervous System (CNS).
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Classification
The painkiller drugs are classified mainly into two types: Non-Narcotic and Narcotic.
Non-Narcotic painkiller drugs: The Non-Narcotic type includes the Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs). The NSAIDs work by stopping the formation of chemicals that cause pain in the body. Some of the common painkillers under NSAID type are Ibuprophen and acetaminophen.
Narcotic painkiller drugs: Narcotic painkiller drugs can be further divided into opiates and opioids. Opiates are narcotic opioid alkaloids found naturally in poppy plant. Opioids are chemical substances that bind to opioid receptors in CNS. Opioids are used in medications for their analgesic property to get relief from pain. However, the opioids also have potential to cause addiction.
The painkiller drugs also loosely include Paracetamol, Tricyclic antidepressants, and Anticonvulsants.
Medical Use of Painkillers
The painkiller drugs are mostly used for their pain relieving properties. The most common painkiller is Aspirin which is used to cure minor pains, aches, to reduce fever, and as an anti-inflammatory medication. Aspirin is also used for its anti-clotting effect. Small doses of it are used for long term to prevent heart attack, strokes, and blood clot formation. Painkillers are mostly used to cure minor aches, headache, muscular ache, tooth ache, back ache, joint pains, arthritis, migraine, and in recovering from surgery. The painkillers are also used to treat pain due to inflammation.
Side Effects
Addiction
Apart from its analgesic properties, the painkillers can also cause severe addiction due to the feeling of euphoria they create. Many Over-The-Counter (OTC) and Prescription painkillers are abused due to addiction. When used under prescription, painkillers reduce pain but when abused it can have several adverse effects on health. Many people get addicted to painkillers particularly after surgery as they take painkillers for long term to numb the pain but develop tolerance and require higher doses every time. The patient can not cope up with the withdrawal symptoms and becomes dependent on the effects which the painkiller gives.
Cardiovascular Effects
Researches have shown that painkillers use can lead to cardiovascular complications, slowing down of heart rate, and even possible heart attack (myocardial infarction). Taking more than prescribed amount of painkillers can cause fluctuations in the heart rate. The possible side effects of painkillers on heart include thrombosis (blood clot) and stroke.
Constipation
Painkillers can also cause constipation among the persons taking them under prescription. Some laxative substances should be used while using painkillers. Patients should ensure that they take high fibrous diet and consume lot of water and other liquids while using painkillers.
Consuming painkillers containing opioids can even cause mental side effects like hallucinations, confusion, nightmares etc. Patients should consult the doctor before taking painkiller medications and take medications in prescribed amount.
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